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to contend WITH something

Толкование Перевод

1 contend

kən'tend
verb

1) ((usually with with) to struggle against.) competir

2) ((with that) to say or maintain (that).) sostener, afirmar

•

- contender
- contention
- contentious

contend

tr[kən'tend]

intransitive verb

1 (compete) contender, competir

■ 22 teams are contending for the championship 22 equipos compiten por el campeonato

2 (deal with, struggle against) enfrentarse a, lidiar con

■ he had a lot of problems to contend with tuvo que lidiar con muchos problemas

transitive verb

1 (claim, state) sostener, afirmar

contend [kən'tɛnd] vi

1) struggle: luchar, lidiar, contender

to contend with a problem: lidiar con un problema

2) compete: competir

to contend for a position: competir por un puesto

contend vt

1) argue, maintain: argüir, sostener, afirmar

he contended that he was right: afirmó que tenía razón

2) contest: protestar contra (una decisión, etc.), disputar

contend

v.

• afirmar v.

• concursar v.

• contender v.

• forcejear v.

• sostener v.

(§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-

fut/c: -tendr-•)

kən'tend
1.

intransitive verb

a) ( compete)

to contend (WITH somebody) (FOR something) — competir* (con alguien) (por algo)

b) ( face)

to contend WITH something — lidiar con or enfrentarse a algo

c) contending pres p < teams> contrario, rival; < interests> en pugna, antagónico, opuesto

2.

vt argüir*, sostener*

[kǝn'tend]
1.

VT

to contend that — afirmar que, sostener que

2.

VI

to contend (with sb) for sth — competir (con algn) por algo

we have many problems to contend with — se nos plantean muchos problemas

you'll have me to contend with — tendrás que vértelas conmigo

he has a lot to contend with — tiene que enfrentarse a muchos problemas

* * *
[kən'tend]
1.

intransitive verb

a) ( compete)

to contend (WITH somebody) (FOR something) — competir* (con alguien) (por algo)

b) ( face)

to contend WITH something — lidiar con or enfrentarse a algo

c) contending pres p < teams> contrario, rival; < interests> en pugna, antagónico, opuesto

2.

vt argüir*, sostener*

English-spanish dictionary > contend
2 contend

1. intransitive verb
1) (strive)

contend [with somebody for something] — [mit jemandem um etwas] kämpfen

2) (struggle)

be able/have to contend with — fertig werden können/müssen mit

I've got enough to contend with at the moment — ich habe schon so genug um die Ohren (ugs.)
2. transitive verb
contend that... — behaupten, dass...

* * *
[kən'tend]
verb

1) ((usually with with) to struggle against.) kämpfen

2) ((with that) to say or maintain (that).) behaupten

•

- academic.ru/15628/contender">contender
- contention
- contentious
* * *

con·tend

[kənˈtend]

I. vi

1. (compete)

▪ to \contend against sb/sth gegen jdn/etw kämpfen

▪ to \contend [with sb] for sth [mit jdm] um etw akk wetteifern

to \contend for a title um einen Titel kämpfen

2. (cope)

▪ to \contend with sth mit etw dat fertigwerden müssen

to have sb/sth to \contend with sich akk gegen jdn/etw behaupten müssen, es mit jdm/etw zu tun haben

II. vt

▪ to \contend that... behaupten, dass...; lawyer geltend machen, dass...

* * *
[kən'tend]
1. vi

1) (= compete) kämpfen

to contend (with sb) for sth — (mit jdm) um etw kämpfen

then you'll have me to contend with —

but I've got two directors to contend with — aber ich habe es mit zwei Direktoren zu tun

2)

(= cope) to contend with sb/sth — mit jdm/etw fertig werden

2. vt
behaupten
* * *

contend [kənˈtend]

A v/i

1. kämpfen, ringen ( beide:

with mit;

for um):

contend with many difficulties mit vielen Schwierigkeiten (zu) kämpfen (haben)

2. a) (mit Worten) streiten, disputieren ( beide:

about über akk)

b) sich einsetzen ( for für)

3. wetteifern, sich bewerben ( beide:

for um)

B v/t auch JUR behaupten, die Behauptung aufstellen ( that dass)

* * *
1. intransitive verb
1) (strive)

contend [with somebody for something] — [mit jemandem um etwas] kämpfen

2) (struggle)

be able/have to contend with — fertig werden können/müssen mit

I've got enough to contend with at the moment — ich habe schon so genug um die Ohren (ugs.)
2. transitive verb
contend that... — behaupten, dass...

* * *

v.

disputieren v.

streiten v.

(§ p.,pp.: stritt, gestritten)

English-german dictionary > contend
3 contend

{kən'tend}
1. боря се, сражавам се (with с, for за)
2. съпернича, състезавам се (with someone for something)
3. споря, поддържам, твърдя

* * *

{kъn'tend} v 1. боря се, сражавам се (with с, for за); 2. съп

* * *

споря; сражавам се; съпернича; препирам се; боря; конкурирам;

* * *
1. боря се, сражавам се (with с, for за) 2. споря, поддържам, твърдя 3. съпернича, състезавам се (with someone for something)
* * *

contend[kən´tend] v 1. боря се, сражавам се ( with с, for за); problems to \contend with проблеми, с които трябва да се пребориш; 2. съпернича, състезавам се (with s.o. for s.th.); several teams \contended for the prize няколко отбора се бореха за наградата; 3. споря, препирам се; 4. поддържам, твърдя; this theory has been \contended for by many scientists тази теория е била поддържана от много учени; много учени са се борили за (в защита на) тази теория; to \contend that поддържам (твърдя), че.

English-Bulgarian dictionary > contend
4 struggle

1. verb
1) (to twist violently when trying to free oneself: The child struggled in his arms.) luchar, forcejear

2) (to make great efforts or try hard: All his life he has been struggling with illness / against injustice.) luchar (por/contra)

3) (to move with difficulty: He struggled out of the hole.) moverse con dificultad

2. noun
(an act of struggling, or a fight: The struggle for independence was long and hard.) lucha

- struggle along

struggle¹ n

1. lucha

the struggle for independence la lucha por la independencia

2. forcejeo

after a struggle, they managed to arrest the thief después de un forcejeo, consiguieron detener al ladrón

struggle² vb

1. forcejear

I struggled with the mugger forcejeé con el atracador

2. luchar

we are struggling to survive luchamos por sobrevivir

El gerundio de struggle se escribe struggling

struggle

tr['strʌgəl]

noun

1 (gen) lucha; (physical fight) pelea, forcejeo

■ she put up a real struggle opuso mucha resistencia

■ they gave in without a struggle se dieron por vencidos sin oponer resistencia

■ it was a struggle to bring up two children on my own me costó mucho criar a dos niños yo sola

■ it's a struggle to make ends meet cuesta Dios y ayuda llegar a fin de mes

intransitive verb

1 (fight) luchar; (physically) forcejear

■ he struggled to get loose luchó por liberarse

■ she struggled with her assailant forcejeó con su asaltante

2 (strive) luchar ( for, por), esforzarse ( for, por); (suffer) pasar apuros; (have difficulty) costar, tener problemas

■ a country struggling for independence un país que lucha por la independencia

3 (move with difficulty) con dificultad

■ he struggled to his feet se levantó con dificultad

■ she struggled up the stairs subió la escalera con dificultad

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

armed struggle lucha armada

class struggle lucha de clases

struggle ['strʌgəl] vi, - gled ; - gling

1) contend: forcejear (físicamente), luchar, contender

2) : hacer con dificultad

she struggled forward: avanzó con dificultad

struggle n

: lucha f, pelea f (física)

struggle

n.

• apretón s.m.

• batalla s.f.

• brega s.f.

• combate s.m.

• contención s.f.

• contienda s.f.

• esfuerzo s.m.

• forcejeo s.m.

• guerra s.f.

• lucha s.f.

• pelea s.f.

• pugna s.f.

v.

• bracear v.

• bregar v.

• combatir v.

• debatir v.

• forcejear v.

• lidiar v.

• luchar v.

• pelear v.

• pugnar v.

• pujar v.

• resistir v.

I 'strʌgəl
noun

a) ( against opponent) lucha f; ( physical) refriega f

to put up a struggle — luchar, oponer* resistencia

to give up without a struggle — rendirse* sin luchar

b) ( against difficulties) lucha f

to give up the struggle — abandonar la lucha

his struggle for survival — su lucha por la supervivencia

it's a struggle to make ends meet — cuesta mucho llegar a fin de mes

we had quite a struggle to convince him — nos costó bastante convencerlo

II

intransitive verb

1)

a) ( thrash around) forcejear

I tried to struggle free — forcejeé tratando de liberarme

b) (contend, strive) luchar

she had to struggle to support her family — tuvo que luchar para mantener a su familia

to struggle (against/with something) — luchar (contra algo)

to struggle FOR something — luchar por algo

c) ( be in difficulties) pasar apuros

2) ( move with difficulty) (+ adv compl)

he struggled up the hill — subió penosamente la cuesta

he struggled to his feet — se levantó con gran dificultad

they struggled on through the storm — siguieron adelante con gran esfuerzo en medio de la tormenta

['strʌɡl]
1. N

1) (lit) pelea f, forcejeo m

there were signs of a struggle — había señales de haberse producido una pelea or un forcejeo

• two men went up to him and a struggle broke out — dos hombres se acercaron a él y se desencadenó una pelea

• he lost his glasses in the struggle — perdió las gafas en la pelea or refriega

• to put up a struggle — oponer resistencia, forcejear

• he handed over his wallet without a struggle — entregó su billetera sin oponer resistencia

2) (fig) lucha f ( for por)

her struggle to feed her children — su lucha por poder dar de comer a sus hijos

I had a struggle to persuade her — me costó trabajo persuadirla

• he finally lost his struggle against cancer — finalmente perdió su lucha contra el cáncer

• the struggle for survival — la lucha por la supervivencia

• there is a fierce power struggle going on behind the scenes — hay una intensa lucha por el poder entre bastidores

• local shopkeepers are not giving up without a struggle — los tenderos del barrio no van a rendirse sin luchar
class 4., uphill
2. VI

1) (=scuffle) forcejear

stop struggling! — ¡deja de forcejear!

he struggled to get free from the ropes — forcejeó para soltarse de las cuerdas

• we were struggling for the gun when it went off — forcejeábamos para hacernos con la pistola cuando se disparó

• to struggle with sb — forcejear con algn

2) (=move with difficulty)

• to struggle free — lograr soltarse con dificultad

• I struggled into my costume — logré ponerme el disfraz como pude

• we struggled through the crowd — nos abrimos paso a duras penas entre la multitud

• she struggled to her feet — logró ponerse de pie

• the bus was struggling up the hill — el autobús subía con dificultad la cuesta

• he was struggling with his luggage — cargaba con su equipaje con gran esfuerzo

3) (=fight against odds) luchar

to struggle to do sth — luchar por hacer algo, esforzarse por hacer algo

• to struggle against sth — luchar contra algo

he struggled against the disease for 20 years — luchó contra la enfermedad durante 20 años

• we could see she was struggling for breath — veíamos como respiraba con dificultad

• to struggle in vain — luchar en vano

4) (=have difficulties) tener problemas

they were struggling to pay their bills — tenían problemas or iban apurados para pagar las facturas

the economy is struggling — la economía está en apuros

he's struggling in his present class — se ve apurado en la clase en la que está ahora

• I struggled through the book — me costó terminar de leer el libro, tuve problemas para terminar de leer el libro

• she has struggled with her weight for years — ha tenido problemas con su peso durante años

- struggle along

- struggle on

- struggle through

* * *

I ['strʌgəl]
noun

a) ( against opponent) lucha f; ( physical) refriega f

to put up a struggle — luchar, oponer* resistencia

to give up without a struggle — rendirse* sin luchar

b) ( against difficulties) lucha f

to give up the struggle — abandonar la lucha

his struggle for survival — su lucha por la supervivencia

it's a struggle to make ends meet — cuesta mucho llegar a fin de mes

we had quite a struggle to convince him — nos costó bastante convencerlo

II

intransitive verb

1)

a) ( thrash around) forcejear

I tried to struggle free — forcejeé tratando de liberarme

b) (contend, strive) luchar

she had to struggle to support her family — tuvo que luchar para mantener a su familia

to struggle (against/with something) — luchar (contra algo)

to struggle FOR something — luchar por algo

c) ( be in difficulties) pasar apuros

2) ( move with difficulty) (+ adv compl)

he struggled up the hill — subió penosamente la cuesta

he struggled to his feet — se levantó con gran dificultad

they struggled on through the storm — siguieron adelante con gran esfuerzo en medio de la tormenta

English-spanish dictionary > struggle
5 struggle

1. intransitive verb
1) (try with difficulty) kämpfen

struggle to do something — sich abmühen, etwas zu tun

struggle for a place/a better world — um einen Platz/für eine bessere Welt kämpfen

struggle against or with somebody/something — mit jemandem/etwas od. gegen jemanden/etwas kämpfen

struggle with something — (try to cope) sich mit etwas quälen; mit etwas kämpfen

2) (proceed with difficulty) sich quälen; (into tight dress, through narrow opening) sich zwängen

I struggled past — ich kämpfte mich vorbei

3) (physically) kämpfen; (resist) sich wehren

struggle free — freikommen; sich befreien

4) (be in difficulties) kämpfen (fig.)

after three laps I was struggling — nach drei Runden hatte ich zu kämpfen
2. noun
1) (exertion)

with a struggle — mit Mühe

it was a long struggle — es kostete viel Mühe

have a [hard] struggle to do something — [große] Mühe haben, etwas zu tun

the struggle for freedom — der Kampf für die Freiheit

2) (physical fight) Kampf, der

the struggle against or with somebody/something — der Kampf gegen od. mit jemandem/etwas

the struggle for influence/power — der Kampf um Einfluss/die Macht

surrender without a struggle — kampflos aufgeben

* * *
1. verb
1) (to twist violently when trying to free oneself: The child struggled in his arms.) zappeln

2) (to make great efforts or try hard: All his life he has been struggling with illness / against injustice.) kämpfen

3) (to move with difficulty: He struggled out of the hole.) sich quälen
2. noun
(an act of struggling, or a fight: The struggle for independence was long and hard.) der Kampf

- academic.ru/118666/struggle_along">struggle along

* * *

strug·gle

[ˈstrʌgl̩]

I. n

1. (great effort) Kampf m ( for um + akk)

trying to accept her death was a terrible \struggle for him ihren Tod zu akzeptieren fiel ihm unendlich schwer

these days it's a desperate \struggle just to keep my head above water im Moment kämpfe ich ums nackte Überleben

▪ it is a \struggle to do sth es ist mühsam [o keine leichte Aufgabe], etw zu tun

to be a real \struggle wirklich Mühe kosten, sehr anstrengend sein

uphill \struggle mühselige Aufgabe, harter Kampf

to give up the \struggle to do sth den Kampf um etw akk aufgeben

without a \struggle kampflos

2. (fight) Kampf m ( against gegen + akk, with mit + dat)

he put up a desperate \struggle before his murder er hatte sich verzweifelt zur Wehr gesetzt, bevor er ermordet wurde

\struggle between good and evil Kampf m zwischen Gut und Böse

power \struggle Machtkampf m

II. vi

1. (toil) sich akk abmühen [o quälen]

he \struggled along the rough road er kämpfte sich auf der schlechten Straße vorwärts

he \struggled to find the right words es fiel ihm schwer, die richtigen Worte zu finden

▪ to \struggle with sth sich akk mit etw dat herumschlagen [o herumquälen] fam

to \struggle to make ends meet Mühe haben, durchzukommen

to \struggle to one's feet mühsam auf die Beine kommen, sich akk mühsam aufrappeln [o hochrappeln

2. (fight) kämpfen, ringen

▪ to \struggle against sth/sb gegen etw/jdn kämpfen

▪ to \struggle with sth/sb mit etw/jdm kämpfen

he \struggled for some time with his conscience er kämpfte eine Zeit lang mit seinem Gewissen

to \struggle for survival ums Überleben kämpfen

* * *
['strʌgl]
1. n (lit, fig)
Kampf m (for um); (fig = effort) Anstrengung f
without a struggle — kampflos

to put up a struggle — sich wehren

the struggle for survival/existence —

the struggle to feed her seven children — der Kampf, ihre sieben Kinder zu ernähren

the struggle to find somewhere to live — der Kampf or die Schwierigkeiten, bis man eine Wohnung gefunden hat

it is/was a struggle — es ist/war mühsam

she finds life a struggle — sie findet das Leben mühsam

I had a struggle to persuade him — es war gar nicht einfach, ihn zu überreden

2. vi

1) (= contend) kämpfen; (in self-defence) sich wehren; (= writhe) sich winden; (financially) in Schwierigkeiten sein, krebsen (inf); (fig = strive) sich sehr bemühen or anstrengen, sich abmühen

the police were struggling with the burglar — zwischen der Polizei und dem Einbrecher gab es ein Handgemenge

to struggle to do sth — sich sehr anstrengen, etw zu tun

to struggle for sth — um etw kämpfen, sich um etw bemühen

to struggle against sb/sth — gegen jdn/etw kämpfen

to struggle with sb — mit jdm kämpfen

to struggle with sth (with problem, difficulty, question) — sich mit etw herumschlagen; with injury, mortgage, debts, feelings mit etw zu kämpfen haben; with doubts, one's conscience mit etw ringen; with luggage, language, subject, homework, words sich mit etw abmühen

to struggle with life — es im Leben nicht leicht haben

this firm/team/family is struggling — diese Firma/Mannschaft/Familie hat( schwer) zu kämpfen

are you struggling? — hast du Schwierigkeiten?

can you manage? – I'm struggling — schaffst dus? – mit Müh und Not

he was struggling to make ends meet — er hatte seine liebe Not durchzukommen

2) (= move with difficulty) sich quälen

to struggle to one's feet — mühsam aufstehen or auf die Beine kommen, sich aufrappeln (inf)

to struggle to get up — sich hochquälen

he struggled through the tiny window — er zwängte sich durch das kleine Fenster

to struggle on (lit) — sich weiterkämpfen; (fig) weiterkämpfen

to struggle along/through (lit, fig) — sich durchschlagen or -kämpfen

* * *

struggle [ˈstrʌɡl]

A v/i

1. (against, with) kämpfen (gegen, mit), ringen (mit) ( beide:

for um Atem, Macht etc):

struggle for words um Worte ringen

2. sich sträuben ( against gegen)

3. sich (ab)mühen ( with mit; to do zu tun), sich anstrengen oder (ab)quälen:

struggle through sich durchkämpfen;

struggle to one’s feet mühsam aufstehen, sich hochrappeln umg

B s

1. Kampf m, Ringen n ( beide:

for um;

with mit):

struggle for existence ( oder life)

a) BIOL Kampf ums Dasein,

b) Existenzkampf

2. Streben n, Anstrengung(en) f(pl)

* * *
1. intransitive verb
1) (try with difficulty) kämpfen

struggle to do something — sich abmühen, etwas zu tun

struggle for a place/a better world — um einen Platz/für eine bessere Welt kämpfen

struggle against or with somebody/something — mit jemandem/etwas od. gegen jemanden/etwas kämpfen

struggle with something — (try to cope) sich mit etwas quälen; mit etwas kämpfen

2) (proceed with difficulty) sich quälen; (into tight dress, through narrow opening) sich zwängen

I struggled past — ich kämpfte mich vorbei

3) (physically) kämpfen; (resist) sich wehren

struggle free — freikommen; sich befreien

4) (be in difficulties) kämpfen (fig.)

after three laps I was struggling — nach drei Runden hatte ich zu kämpfen
2. noun
1) (exertion)

with a struggle — mit Mühe

it was a long struggle — es kostete viel Mühe

have a [hard] struggle to do something — [große] Mühe haben, etwas zu tun

the struggle for freedom — der Kampf für die Freiheit

2) (physical fight) Kampf, der

the struggle against or with somebody/something — der Kampf gegen od. mit jemandem/etwas

the struggle for influence/power — der Kampf um Einfluss/die Macht

surrender without a struggle — kampflos aufgeben

* * *

n.

Kampf ¨-e m. (for) v.

kämpfen (um) v. v.

ringen v.

(§ p.,pp.: rang, gerungen)

strampeln v.

English-german dictionary > struggle
6 take

take [teɪk]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. noun

2. transitive verb

3. intransitive verb

4. compounds

5. Phrasal Verbs

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► vb: pret took, ptp taken

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. noun

   a. (for film) prise f de vue(s) ; (Recording) enregistrement m

   b. ( = takings) (US) recette f

• to be on the take (inf!) se servir dans la caisse

   c. ( = share) (inf) part f

   d. ( = view) (inf) point m de vue

2. transitive verb

   a. prendre

• to take sb's hand prendre la main de qn

• he took her in his arms il l'a prise dans ses bras

• do you take sugar? vous prenez du sucre ?

• I'll take a taxi je prendrai un taxi

• take the first on the left prenez la première à gauche

• I'll take that one je prends celui-là

• the policeman took his name l'agent a pris son nom

• he takes "The Times" il lit le « Times »

• to take sth upon o.s. prendre qch sur soi

• to take it upon o.s. to do sth prendre sur soi de faire qch

► to take + from

• to take sth from one's pocket prendre qch dans sa poche

• he takes his examples from real life il tire ses exemples de la réalité

   b. ( = subtract) soustraire ( from de)

• he took $10 off the price il a fait une remise de 10 dollars

   c. ( = capture) attraper ; [+ prize, degree] obtenir

   d. ( = earn) (British) the shop takes about £5,000 per day le magasin fait un chiffre d'affaires d'environ 5 000 livres par jour

   e. ( = occupy) is this seat taken? cette place est-elle prise ?

• to take one's seat s'asseoir

   f. ( = negotiate) [+ bend] prendre ; [+ hill] grimper ; [+ fence] sauter

   g. ( = sit) [+ exam, test] passer

   h. ( = study) [+ subject] faire

   i. ( = teach) [+ class, students] faire cours à

• the teacher who took us for economics le professeur qui nous enseignait l'économie

   j. ( = tolerate) [+ behaviour, remark] accepter

• I can't take it any more je n'en peux plus

   k. ( = have as capacity) contenir

• the bus takes 60 passengers l'autobus a une capacité de 60 places

   l. ( = accept) [+ gift, payment, bribe, bet] accepter ; [+ news] supporter

• he won't take less than $50 for it il ne le laissera pas pour moins de 50 dollars

• take it from me! croyez-moi (sur parole) !

• take it or leave it c'est à prendre ou à laisser

• she took his death very badly elle a été très affectée par sa mort

• will you take it from here? (handing over task) pouvez-vous prendre la relève ?

• take five! (inf) ( = have a break) repos !

   m. ( = assume) supposer

• I take it that it's true je suppose que c'est vrai

• what do you take me for? pour qui me prenez-vous ?

   n. ( = consider) prendre

• take the case of Paul prenons le cas de Paul

   o. ( = require) prendre

• it takes time cela prend du temps

• it took me two hours to do it j'ai mis deux heures (pour le faire)

• it won't take long cela ne prendra pas longtemps

• that takes a lot of courage cela demande beaucoup de courage

• it took three policemen to hold him down il a fallu trois agents pour le tenir

• he's got what it takes! (inf) il est à la hauteur

   p. ( = carry) porter

• he took her some flowers il lui a apporté des fleurs

• take his suitcase upstairs montez sa valise

• he takes home £200 a week il gagne 200 livres net par semaine

► to take sb (with place)

he took her to the cinema il l'a emmenée au cinéma

• I'll take you to her office je vais vous conduire à son bureau

• they took him over the factory ils lui ont fait visiter l'usine

• to take sb to hospital conduire qn à l'hôpital

• he took me home in his car il m'a ramené dans sa voiture

• this bus will take you to the town hall cet autobus vous conduira à la mairie

• £20 doesn't take you far these days de nos jours on ne va pas loin avec 20 livres

• what took you to Lille? pourquoi êtes-vous allés à Lille ?

3. intransitive verb

[vaccination, plant cutting] prendre

4. compounds

► take-home pay noun salaire m net

► take-up noun (British) souscription f

5. Phrasal Verbs

► take after inseparable transitive verb

[+ person] tenir de

► take apart separable transitive verb

[+ machine, engine, toy] démonter ; ( = criticize harshly) (inf) démolir (inf)

► take away

1. intransitive verb

• it takes away from its value cela diminue sa valeur

2. separable transitive verb

   a. ( = carry away) emporter ; ( = lead away) emmener

   b. ( = remove) [+ object] retirer( ( from sb à qn), from sth de qch ;) [+ sb's child] enlever ( from sb à qn)

• she took her children away from the school elle a retiré ses enfants de l'école

   c. ( = subtract) soustraire► take back separable transitive verb

   a. ( = accept back) [+ person] reprendre

• I take it all back! je n'ai rien dit !

   b. [+ book, goods] rapporter ; [+ person] raccompagner

   c. ( = recall) it takes me back to my childhood cela me rappelle mon enfance► take down separable transitive verb

   a. [+ object from shelf] descendre ; [+ picture] décrocher ; [+ poster] enlever

   b. ( = dismantle) démonter

   c. [+ notes, letter, details] prendre► take in separable transitive verb

   a. (into building) [+ person] faire entrer

   b. [+ homeless person, stray dog] recueillir

   c. [+ skirt, waistband] reprendre

   d. ( = include) comprendre

• we took in Venice on the way home nous avons visité Venise sur le chemin du retour

• to take in a movie aller au cinéma

   e. ( = understand) comprendre

• he took in the situation at a glance il a compris la situation tout de suite

• the children were taking it all in les enfants étaient tout oreilles

• he hadn't fully taken in that she was dead il n'avait pas vraiment réalisé qu'elle était morte

   f. ( = deceive) (inf) avoir (inf)

• he's easily taken in il se fait facilement avoir (inf)

• I was taken in by his disguise je me suis laissé prendre à son déguisement► take off

1. intransitive verb

[person] partir ; [aircraft, career, scheme] décoller

2. separable transitive verb

   a. ( = remove) [+ garment, lid] enlever ; [+ telephone receiver] décrocher ; [+ item on menu] supprimer

• he took £5 off il a fait une remise de 5 livres

   b. ( = lead away) emmener

• he was taken off to hospital on l'a transporté à l'hôpital

• to take o.s. off s'en aller

   c. (British) ( = imitate) imiter► take on

1. intransitive verb

(British = be upset) (inf) s'en faire (inf)

2. separable transitive verb

   a. [+ work, responsibility] se charger de ; [challenger in game, fight] accepter d'affronter

• he has taken on more than he bargained for il ne s'était pas rendu compte de ce à quoi il s'engageait

   b. [+ employee] embaucher ; [+ passenger] embarquer ; [+ form, qualities] prendre

   c. ( = contend with) s'attaquer à

• he took on the whole committee il s'en est pris à tout le comité► take out separable transitive verb

   a. ( = lead or carry outside) sortir

• he took her out to lunch il l'a emmenée déjeuner

• I'm going to take the dog out je vais sortir le chien

   b. (from pocket, drawer) prendre (from, of dans ) ; ( = remove) retirer ; [+ tooth] arracher ; [+ appendix, tonsils] enlever

• that sort of work certainly takes it out of you (inf) c'est vraiment un travail épuisant

• don't take it out on me! (inf) ne t'en prends pas à moi !

   c. [+ insurance policy] souscrire à► take over

1. intransitive verb

[dictator, army, political party] prendre le pouvoir

• to take over from sb prendre la relève de qn

2. separable transitive verb

   a. ( = assume responsibility for) [+ business, shop] reprendre

• I took over his duties je l'ai remplacé dans ses fonctions

   b. ( = get control of) [+ company] prendre le contrôle de► take to inseparable transitive verb

   a. ( = conceive liking for) [+ person] se prendre de sympathie pour ; [+ game, action, study] prendre goût à

• I didn't take to him il ne m'a pas beaucoup plu

   b. to take to drink se mettre à boire

• she took to telling everyone... elle s'est mise à dire à tout le monde...

   c. ( = go to) to take to one's bed se mettre au lit► take up

1. intransitive verb

• to take up with sb se lier avec qn

2. separable transitive verb

   a. [+ carpet] enlever ; [+ hem] raccourcir ; (after interruption) [+ one's work, book] reprendre ; [+ conversation, discussion, story] reprendre (le fil de)

   b. ( = occupy) [+ space, time] prendre ; [+ attention] occuper

   c. ( = raise question of) aborder

• I'll take that up with him je lui en parlerai

   d. ( = start) [+ hobby, subject, sport] se mettre à ; [+ career] embrasser ; [+ challenge] relever

• to take up one's new post entrer en fonction

• I'd like to take you up on your offer je voudrais accepter votre offre

* * *
[teɪk] 1.
noun

1) Cinema prise f (de vues); Music enregistrement m

2) ( catch) ( of fish) prise f; ( of game) tableau m de chasse
2.
transitive verb (prét took; pp taken)

1) ( take hold of) prendre [object, money]

to take something from — prendre quelque chose sur [shelf, table]; prendre quelque chose dans [drawer, box]

to take something out of — sortir quelque chose de [pocket]

to take somebody by the hand/throat — prendre quelqu'un par la main/à la gorge

to take a knife to somebody — attaquer quelqu'un avec un couteau

2) ( carry with one) emporter, prendre [object]; ( carry to a place) emporter, porter [object]

to take somebody something —

to take something to somebody — apporter quelque chose à quelqu'un

did he take an umbrella (with him)? — est-ce qu'il a emporté un parapluie?

to take a letter to the post office — porter une lettre à la poste

to take something upstairs/downstairs — monter/descendre quelque chose

to take the car to the garage — emmener la voiture au garage

he took her some flowers — il lui a apporté des fleurs

3) (accompany, lead) emmener [person]

to take somebody to — [bus, road] conduire quelqu'un à [place]

to take somebody to school/work — emmener quelqu'un à l'école/au travail

I'll take you up to your room — je vais vous conduire à votre chambre

you can't take him anywhere! — hum il n'est pas sortable!

I'll take you through the procedure — je vous montrerai comment on procède

his work takes him to many different countries — son travail l'appelle à se déplacer dans beaucoup de pays différents

what took you to Brussels? — qu'est-ce que vous êtes allé faire à Bruxelles?

4) ( go by) prendre [bus, taxi, plane, road, path]

5) ( negotiate) [driver, car] prendre [corner, bend]; [horse] sauter [fence]

6) (capture, win) [army] prendre [fortress, city, chess piece]; ( in cards) faire [trick]; [person] remporter [prize]

7) ( have) prendre [bath, shower, holiday]; prendre [milk, sugar, pills]

we take the Gazette — nous recevons la Gazette

I'll take a pound of apples, please — donnez-moi une livre de pommes, s'il vous plaît

take a seat — asseyez-vous

8) ( accept) accepter [job, cheque, credit card, bribe]; prendre [patients, pupils, phone call]; [machine] accepter [coins]; supporter [pain, criticism]; accepter [punishment]

will you take £10 for the radio? — je vous offre 10 livres sterling en échange de votre radio

that's my last offer, take it or leave it! — c'est ma dernière proposition, c'est à prendre ou à laisser!

whisky? I can take it or leave it! — le whisky? je peux très bien m'en passer

I find their attitude hard to take — je trouve leur attitude difficile à accepter

he can't take being criticized — il ne supporte pas qu'on le critique

she just sat there and took it — elle est restée là et ne s'est pas défendue

he can't take a joke — il ne comprend pas la plaisanterie

I can't take any more! — je n'en peux plus!

9) ( require) [activity, course of action] demander, exiger [patience, skill, courage]; Linguistics [verb] prendre [object]; [preposition] être suivi de [case]

it takes patience to do — il faut de la patience pour faire

it takes three hours to get there — il faut trois heures pour y aller

it won't take long — ça ne prendra pas longtemps

it took her ten minutes to repair it — elle a mis dix minutes pour le réparer

the wall won't take long to build — le mur sera vite construit

to have what it takes — avoir tout ce qu'il faut ( to do pour faire)

that'll take some doing! — ce ne sera pas facile!

she'll take some persuading — ce sera difficile de la convaincre

10) ( react to) prendre [news, matter, comments]

to take things one step at a time — prendre les choses une par une

11) ( adopt) adopter [view, attitude]; prendre [measures, steps]

to take the view ou attitude that — être d'avis que, considérer que

12) ( assume)

I take it that — je suppose que

to take somebody for ou to be something — prendre quelqu'un pour quelque chose

what do you take me for? — pour qui est-ce que tu me prends?

what do you take this poem to mean? — comment est-ce que vous interprétez ce poème?

13) ( consider) prendre [person, example, case]

take Jack (for example), he has brought a family up by himself — prends Jack, il a élevé une famille tout seul

14) ( record) prendre [notes, statement, letter]; prendre [pulse, temperature, blood pressure]; Photography prendre [photograph]

to take somebody's measurements — ( for clothes) prendre les mesures de quelqu'un

to take a reading — lire les indications

15) ( hold) [hall, bus] pouvoir contenir [50 people, 50 passengers]; [tank, container] avoir une capacité de [quantity]

the suitcase won't take any more clothes — il est impossible de mettre plus de vêtements dans cette valise

16) School, University ( study) prendre, faire [subject]; suivre [course]; prendre [lessons] (in de); ( sit) passer [exam, test]; ( teach) [teacher, lecturer] faire cours à [students]

to take somebody for Geography — faire cours de géographie à quelqu'un

17) ( wear) ( in clothes) faire [size]

what size do you take? — ( in clothes) quelle taille faîtes-vous?; ( in shoes) quelle est votre pointure?, quelle pointure faîtes-vous?

I take a size 5 — ( in shoes) je chausse du 38

18) Mathematics ( subtract) soustraire [number, quantity]

ten take three is seven — dix moins trois égalent sept

19) ( officiate at) [priest] célébrer [service]
3.
intransitive verb (prét took; pp taken) ( have desired effect) [drug] faire effet; [dye] prendre; ( grow successfully) [plant] prendre

Phrasal Verbs:

- take aback

- take after

- take against

- take along

- take apart

- take aside

- take away

- take back

- take down

- take hold

- take in

- take off

- take on

- take out

- take over

- take part

- take place

- take to

- take up

••

to be on the take — (colloq) toucher des pots-de-vin

to take it ou a lot out of somebody — fatiguer beaucoup quelqu'un

to take it upon oneself to do — prendre sur soi de faire

to take somebody out of themselves — changer les idées à quelqu'un

you can take it from me — croyez-moi

English-French dictionary > take
7 strive

intransitive verb,

strove, striven

1) (endeavour) sich bemühen

strive to do something — bestrebt sein (geh.) od. sich bemühen, etwas zu tun

strive after or for something — nach etwas streben

2) (contend) kämpfen ( for um)

* * *

past tense - strove; verb

(to try very hard or struggle: He always strives to please his teacher.) sich (be)mühen

* * *

strive

<strove or -d, striven or -d>

[straɪv]

vi sich akk bemühen

▪ to \strive to do sth sich akk bemühen, etw zu tun, bestrebt sein, etw zu tun

we will continue striving to meet the very highest standards wir werden uns weiterhin darum bemühen, die höchsten Ansprüche zu erfüllen

▪ to \strive after [or for] sth nach etw dat streben, etw anstreben

▪ to \strive for sth um etw akk ringen

to \strive for statehood eine eigene staatliche Souveränität anstreben

\strive as we might [or may] trotz all unserer Bemühungen

▪ to \strive against sth gegen etw akk ankämpfen

* * *
[straɪv] pret strove, ptp striven ['strɪvn]
vi
(= exert oneself) sich bemühen; (= fight) kämpfen
to strive to do sth — bestrebt or bemüht sein, etw zu tun

after sth — etw anstreben, nach etw streben

to strive against sth — gegen etw ( an)kämpfen

to strive with sb/sth — mit jdm/etw ringen or kämpfen

* * *

strive [straıv] prät strove [strəʊv], auch strived, pperf striven [ˈstrıvn], auch strived v/i

1. sich (be)mühen, bestrebt sein ( beide:

to do zu tun)

2. (for, after) streben (nach), ringen, sich mühen (um)

3. (erbittert) kämpfen ( against gegen; with mit), ringen ( with mit)

4. obs wetteifern ( with sb mit jemandem; for sth um etwas)

* * *

intransitive verb,

strove, striven

1) (endeavour) sich bemühen

strive to do something — bestrebt sein (geh.) od. sich bemühen, etwas zu tun

strive after or for something — nach etwas streben

2) (contend) kämpfen ( for um)

* * *

(against, with) v.

kämpfen (gegen, mit) v.

ringen (mit) v. (for, after) v.

eifern v.

etwas anstreben ausdr.

ringen (um) v.

sich mühen (um) v.

streben (nach) v. v.

(§ p.,p.p.: strove, striven)

= bestrebt sein ausdr.

erstreben v.

sich bemühen v.

English-german dictionary > strive
8 Artificial Intelligence

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inﬂated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins ﬂy? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can ﬂy, so robins probably can ﬂy."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

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contend with something — conˈtend with sth/sb derived to have to deal with a problem or with a difficult situation or person • Nurses often have to contend with violent or drunken patients. Main entry: ↑contendderived … Useful english dictionary
contend with — con ˈtend with [transitive] [present tense I/you/we/they contend with he/she/it contends with present participle contending with past tense contended with … Useful english dictionary
contend with — phrasal verb [transitive] Word forms contend with : present tense I/you/we/they contend with he/she/it contends with present participle contending with past tense contended with past participle contended with to have to deal with problems or… … English dictionary
contend — 1 Contend, fight, battle, war come into comparison when they mean to strive in opposition to someone or something. Contend, the most general of these words, always implies a desire or an effort to overcome that which is opposed, but it may imply… … New Dictionary of Synonyms
contend — con|tend [kənˈtend] v [Date: 1400 1500; : Old French; Origin: contendre, from Latin contendere, from com ( COM ) + tendere to stretch ] 1.) to compete against someone in order to gain something contend for ▪ Three armed groups are contending for… … Dictionary of contemporary English
contend — verb 1 (I) to compete against someone in order to gain something: contending for the World Heavyweight Title 2 (transitive + that) to argue or state that something is true: Some astronomers contend that the universe may be younger than previously … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
contend — [[t]kənte̱nd[/t]] contends, contending, contended 1) VERB If you have to contend with a problem or difficulty, you have to deal with it or overcome it. [V with n] It is time, once again, to contend with racism... [V with n] American businesses… … English dictionary
contend — con|tend [ kən tend ] verb * 1. ) transitive contend that FORMAL to claim that something is true: Critics of the school system contend that not enough emphasis is placed on creativity. 2. ) intransitive to compete against someone, for example for … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
contend */ — UK [kənˈtend] / US verb Word forms contend : present tense I/you/we/they contend he/she/it contends present participle contending past tense contended past participle contended 1) [transitive] formal to claim that something is true contend that:… … English dictionary
contend — verb 1》 (contend with/against) struggle to surmount (a difficulty). ↘(contend for) engage in a struggle or campaign to achieve. 2》 assert something as a position in an argument. Derivatives contender noun Origin ME: from OFr. contendre or L.… … English new terms dictionary
contend — [kənˈtend] verb [T] formal to claim that something is true • contend with sth … Dictionary for writing and speaking English

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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to contend WITH something

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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to contend WITH something

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